In that case, options that reduce oocyst contamination of the environment Table 2 , options 10—12 are preferable over options targeting meat-borne transmission alone Table 2 , options 5—9.
However, considering the bottlenecks for stray cat control and the limited possibilities to influence cat behavior, targeting meat-borne transmission is more feasible in the short term. Reducing the risk of infection is probably only feasible for indoor-reared food animals such as conventionally reared pigs and chickens. Additional T. For sheep, a T. If the vaccine is demonstrated to also prevent tissue cyst formation, vaccination of sheep can be implemented.
For cattle and organic pigs, decontamination of meat, using whichever effective method is preferred, is probably the best option. To reduce the amount of meat that needs to be decontaminated, screening could be implemented for pigs.
However, this requires much organization, and, as there is no screening method available for cattle see Table 3 , limiting decontamination to raw meat products and meat products that are more likely to be consumed raw or undercooked is probably more feasible.
Although a cost-benefit analysis is the preferred method to evaluate the different intervention measures, quantitative data are currently lacking. Based on this summary of options with identification of bottlenecks, a T. Development of an effective cat vaccine and evaluation of its implementation is a research priority, and would eventually eliminate the need for decontamination of meat once the environmental contamination with infectious oocysts decreases.
We thank the Health Council of the Netherlands for critical comments. Financial support. Potential conflicts of interest. All authors: No potential conflicts of interest. Conflicts that the editors consider relevant to the content of the manuscript have been disclosed. Google Scholar. Br J Ophthalmol 84 6. Acute toxoplasmoses in immunocompetent patients hospitalized in an intensive care unit in French Guiana Clin Microbiol Infect 18 E Ferguson DJ Identification of faecal transmission of Toxoplasma gondii : small science, large characters Int J Parasitol 39 5.
Congenital toxoplasma infection: monthly prenatal screening decreases transmission rate and improves clinical outcome at age 3 years Clin Infect Dis 56 Prenatal treatment for serious neurological sequelae of congenital toxoplasmosis: an observational prospective cohort study PLoS Med 7 e Sources of toxoplasma infection in pregnant women: European multicentre case-control study.
Unrecognized ingestion of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts leads to congenital toxoplasmosis and causes epidemics in North America Clin Infect Dis 53 9. High prevalence and abundant atypical genotypes of Toxoplasma gondii isolated from lambs destined for human consumption in the USA Int J Parasitol 38 Increased Toxoplasma gondii positivity relative to age in Scottish sheep flocks; evidence of frequent acquired infection Vet Res 42 Seroprevalence and risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii infection in domestic cats in the Netherlands Prev Vet Med Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford.
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Close mobile search navigation Article Navigation. Volume Article Contents Notes. Marieke Opsteegh , Marieke Opsteegh. Oxford Academic. Titia M. Arie H. Joke W. Select Format Select format. Permissions Icon Permissions. Toxoplasma gondii , control , prevention , intervention , disease burden.
Toxoplasmosis is present in every country, and the global annual incidence of congenital toxoplasmosis has been estimated at cases 1. The incidence of acquired toxoplasmosis is less well known.
Country-specific estimates diverge widely eg, 58 and 2. However, incidence does not fully represent the true public health impact, as disease severity is not accounted for. In the Netherlands, in , the total burden of toxoplasmosis was estimated at DALYs, including DALYs attributed to acquired infections first among 14 enteral pathogens [ 3 ].
Globally, the burden of congenital toxoplasmosis was estimated at 1. High burdens were seen in South America and in some Middle Eastern and low-income countries [ 7 ]. Note that these results cannot be compared directly due to differences in assumptions and model parameters.
Open in new tab. Table 2. Potential Health Benefits. Main Bottlenecks. Control flies and cockroaches as much as possible. They can spread contaminated soil or cat feces onto food.
If you are at risk, you should take extra precautions. Keep your cat indoors so that it does not pick up the parasite. Feed your cat only dry or canned cat food. Like humans, cats can become infected by eating raw or undercooked meat.
Avoid touching outdoor or stray cats. If you have to change the cat litter yourself, wear gloves while you do it. When you finish, wash your hands well with soap and warm water. Clean the litter box daily. Disinfect it with boiling water for 5 minutes. Toxoplasmosis treatment Healthy people who are not at risk do not need treatment for toxoplasmosis. Living with toxoplasmosis Women who get toxoplasmosis while pregnant are at risk of passing it to their unborn babies. Is it safe for me to keep and pet my cat while pregnant?
Do I need treatment for toxoplasmosis? What medicines should I take and what are the side effects? How do I know if my unborn baby has toxoplasmosis? What are the possible health issues my unborn baby could have? Once I have toxoplasmosis, will I always have it? Am I at risk of having other health issues? Could it still get toxoplasmosis? Is it safe for me to eat rare meat? How hot should the water be when I clean my cutting board? Pregnant women can pass the infection to their baby.
Learn more. A toxoplasmosis test toxoplasma test determines if the Toxoplasma gondii parasite has infected you. Learn about testing during pregnancy and more. Certain E. Learn about other bacteria and parasites like pinworms and how to prevent…. There are many dangerous signs of infections, and you might not even realize you have been bitten or infested until some time later. Health Conditions Discover Plan Connect. Mental Health. What Are the Symptoms of Toxoplasmosis? What Are the Causes of Toxoplasmosis?
How Is Toxoplasmosis Diagnosed? What Complications Are Associated with Toxoplasmosis? How Is Toxoplasmosis Treated? What Is the Outlook for People with Toxoplasmosis. How Is Toxoplasmosis Prevented? Read this next. Medically reviewed by University of Illinois. Toxoplasmosis Test. If you're pregnant or otherwise at risk of toxoplasmosis or its complications, take these steps to protect yourself:.
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This content does not have an Arabic version. Overview Toxoplasmosis tok-so-plaz-MOE-sis is a disease that results from infection with the Toxoplasma gondii parasite, one of the world's most common parasites. Request an Appointment at Mayo Clinic. Share on: Facebook Twitter. Show references Parasites — Toxoplasmosis toxoplasma infection. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Accessed Jan. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, et al. Diagnosis and management of foodborne illnesses: A primer for physicians and other health care professionals.
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