It just has never happened. Watch the video of testimonials here. Ninety percent of all vehicles in the U. About 75 percent of cars are covered under warranty to use E Also, click here for EPA's description of what kind of testing was done before E15 was approved for public use. Retailers selling E15 and higher blends refute that statement as evidenced throughout flexfuelforward.
Gwen McDiarmid, owner of the renovated Blue Heron Renewable Flex Fuel Plaza in Gothenburg, Nebraska, says, "My gallons were up dramatically in that first year [since adding E15], and this is the second year since I've had it and I'm continuing to raise it 3, 4, or 5 percent per month.
And all my blends are going up. Not only did we sell higher blends of ethanol to create a new profit center for ourselves, but as kind of a coincidence, all of our gasoline went up in volume. More and more are going to want this and I'm going to be the leader, not a follower. E15 was approved by EPA in after more than two years of testing to prove it was safe to use in cars and light duty trucks built in model year and later.
Think about it: 9 of every 10 cars in America can motor safely with E15 , which has a lower price and higher octane rating than Unleaded and even E Stations selling E15 are gaining new customers and improving profits every day. Today there are over 2, retail locations in 30 states selling E And the small station guys are making the switch too!
For more information about ethanol, please contact the ACE office at We have people on staff who have decades of experience working at all levels in the petroleum industry, including experience with ethanol blends.
According to a survey conducted by the American Automobile Association AAA in , only about 12 million out of the more than million light-duty vehicles on the U. Also Porsches built since are approved by its manufacturer to use E Volkswagen announced that for the model year, its entire lineup will be E15 capable.
In November , the Environmental Protection Agency opened for public comment its proposal to reduce the amount of ethanol required in the U. This results in additional costs, energy usage and environmental impacts associated with the extra processing step required to dehydrate the hydrous ethanol produced via distillation 3.
According to the Brazilian ANP specification, hydrous ethanol contains up to 4. In hE15, this would be up to 0. Japanese and German scientific evidence revealed the water is an inhibitor for corrosion by ethanol. The experiments show that water in fuel ethanol inhibits dry corrosion. The observations are in line with the fact that hydrous ethanol is known for being less corrosive than anhydrous ethanol.
The reaction mechanism will be the same at lower-mid blends. When enough water is present in the fuel, the aluminum will react preferably with water to produce aluminum oxide, repairing the protective aluminum oxide layer, which is why the corrosion stops. In other words, water is essential to repair the holes in the oxide layer.
Water injection has additional positive effects on the engine performance thermodynamic efficiency and reduces overall CO2 emissions. Small-scale tests have shown many vehicles with modern engine types can run smoothly on this hydrous ethanol blend.
As avoiding mixing with E0, in particular at extremely low temperatures, in logistic systems and engines is not recommended, a separate specification for controlled usage is presented in a Netherlands Technical Agreement NTA The NTA is written for a worldwide application in trading and fuel blending. These blends have been widely used in Brazil since the late s. Due to this mandatory minimum gasoline blend, pure gasoline E0 is no longer sold in Brazil.
Since then, the government has set the percentage on the ethanol blend according to the results of the sugarcane harvest and ethanol production from sugarcane, resulting in blend variations even within the same year. However, as a result of a supply shortage and the resulting high ethanol fuel prices, in , the government mandated a temporary day blend reduction from E25 to E20 beginning February 1, Some vehicles might work properly with lower concentrations of ethanol, but with a few exceptions, they are unable to run smoothly with pure gasoline, which causes engine knocking, as vehicles traveling to neighboring South American countries have demonstrated.
Thailand introduced E20 in , but shortages in ethanol supplies by mid caused a delay in the expansion of the E20 fueling station network in the country. The rapid growth in E20 demand is because most vehicle models launched since were Ecompatible, and sales of E20 are expected to grow faster once more local automakers start producing small, Ecompatible, fuel-efficient cars. The Thai government is promoting ethanol usage through subsidies, as ethanol costs four baht a litre more than gasoline.
Successful tests have been conducted to determine the performance under E20 by current vehicles and fuel dispensing equipment designed for E However, this mandate was later delayed to , and has never taken effect because the federal EPA has yet to authorize the use of E20 as a replacement for gasoline.
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The benzene content ranged from approximately 0. EPA limits for the benzene content in gasoline. The sulfur content in the natural gasoline ranged between 4 and ppm. EPA Tier 3 gasoline sulfur limit. Two natural gasoline samples were selected for blending with ethanol. To make a 91 RON fuel typical of U. Modeling of vapor pressure using universal quasichemical functional-group activity coefficients UNIFAC and Wilson equation-based approaches provided good agreement with experimental data for most samples.
Such files may be downloaded by article for research use if there is a public use license linked to the relevant article, that license may permit other uses. View Author Information. E-mail: [email protected]. Cite this: Energy Fuels , 29 , 8 , — Article Views Altmetric -. Citations Abstract This project looks at the potential of blending ethanol with natural gasoline to produce Flex-Fuels ASTM Da and high-octane, mid-level ethanol blends.
Supporting Information. Cited By. This article is cited by 19 publications. Mikhail A.
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