Ethanol has a higher octane number than gasoline, providing premium blending properties. Minimum octane number requirements for gasoline prevent engine knocking and ensure drivability.
Ethanol contains less energy per gallon than gasoline, to varying degrees, depending on the volume percentage of ethanol in the blend. Energy is required to turn any raw feedstock into ethanol. Also in Diesel fuel explained Diesel fuel Where our diesel comes from Use of diesel Prices and outlook Factors affecting diesel prices Diesel fuel surcharges Diesel and the environment.
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Also in Hydrogen explained Hydrogen Production of hydrogen Use of hydrogen. The Minnesota Model was an agreement between local public and private parties who work to keep profits in the community by providing jobs and the economic benefits associated with population and adding value to agricultural products while strengthening rural communities.
It provided for ethanol production of four billion gallons in with an increase to seven and one-half billion gallons by Renewable Fuels Association, a. Since that time, The Energy Independence and Security Act of signed by President Bush requires renewable fuel usage to increase to 36 billion gallons annually by Renewable Fuels Association, b.
The new RFS which currently guides national ethanol policy states that only 15 billion gallons of production should be produced from corn grain starch —the remaining 22 billion should come from other advanced and cellulosic feedstock sources.
Bevill, K. Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering. The BTEX complex is a hydrocarbon mixture of benzene, toluene, xylene and ethyl-benzene. Commonly referred to as gasoline aromatics, these compounds are refined from low-octane petroleum products into a high-octane gasoline additive. While some volume of BTEX is native to gasoline, it is also added to finished gasoline to boost its octane rating.
The total volume of BTEX aromatics in finished gasoline depends on the desired octane value and other desired fuel properties. When faced with the removal of lead as the primary octane provider in gasoline, refiners had two available alternatives, BTEX and ethanol.
The refining industry invested in additional refining capacity to replace lead with BTEX, a high-octane petroleum refining product. As a result of its substitution for lead, BTEX volume rose from 22 percent to roughly a third of the gasoline pool by In premium gasoline grades, the BTEX volume content was as high as 50 percent. In mandating cleaner fuels, through reformulated gasoline and other programs, EPA has reduced the volume of aromatics to between 25 to 28 percent of the conventional gasoline pool, though some health professionals question the safety of even these levels.
After the lead phase-out, there were early concerns regarding the BTEX complex. Today, health research indeed suggests that even very low-level exposure to the BTEX complex, from gasoline additives and other petroleum products, may contribute to negative developmental, reproductive and immunological responses, as well as cardio-pulmonary effects.
Upon incomplete combustion of the BTEX complex contained in gasoline, ultra-fine particulates UFP and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons PAHs are formed, which carry their own adverse health impacts even at low levels. Both UFP and PAHs have also been linked to developmental and neurodegenerative disorders, cancers, and cardio-pulmonary effects. Considerable attention has been given to benzene in fuel, as it is highly toxic.
At the same time, the partial replacement of benzene with other aromatic compounds xylene, ethyl-benzene, toluene may not be sufficient in reducing exposure to BTEX's toxic effects.
The other aromatics, such as toluene and xylene, are not capped. Early automakers expressed interest in plant-based alcohol fuels, such as ethanol. Henry Ford designed the first Model T to run on ethanol.
But, at the time, gasoline was a much cheaper fuel. During the oil embargo, regular unleaded gasoline prices jumped 57 percent and routine gasoline shortages also occurred. These events, and the regulation of many air pollutants, sparked a renewed interest in fuel efficiency, electric vehicles, and renewable fuels such as ethanol, which were seen as ways to meet the new regulations and reduce petroleum consumption. Today, the majority of ethanol in the United States is blended with gasoline to produce E10 10 percent ethanol, 90 percent gasoline.
Over 95 percent of gasoline sold in the United States is E
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